Neoadjuvant therapy, administered before primary treatment, has revolutionized cancer management strategies by downsizing tumors, facilitating surgical resection and improving patient outcomes. Biomarkers, including molecular and clinicopathological markers, serve as indispensable tools in optimizing neoadjuvant treatment protocols. This review aims to explore the landscape of molecular and clinicopathological biomarkers in neoadjuvant therapy across various malignancies, shedding light on their predictive and prognostic roles. Neoadjuvant therapy has emerged as a cornerstone in the management of various cancers, offering a window of opportunity for treatment optimization and patient care improvement [1].